Living with major depressive disorder (MDD) already implies a significant burden in terms of daily functioning and quality of life. However, beyond the well-known risks of suicide or cardiovascular complications, there is a quieter but equally alarming threat: respiratory disease. 

In our most recent systematic review and meta-analysis, we examined the prevalence and risk of respiratory conditions in individuals with MDD, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, tuberculosis, and lung cancer. The analysis included data from over 476,000 individuals with MDD across 15 studies and compared them with more than 1 million controls from the general population. 

The results are striking: 

Although smoking remains a key explanatory factor, our findings suggest the need for a broader approach. Structural inequalities, health behaviours, inflammation, and underdiagnosis may also play a crucial role.
 
🔎 Why does it matter?
MDD is a highly prevalent condition with already elevated mortality. Respiratory disease—often preventable or manageable—adds a layer of risk that is rarely screened for in psychiatric care.

📌 What can be done?
Prevention strategies such as spirometry screening, smoking cessation support, and better integration of mental and physical health care are urgently needed. These interventions are feasible and could significantly reduce avoidable mortality.

This meta-analysis aligns with previous findings in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, where increased respiratory risk has already been demonstrated. A transdiagnostic perspective may be crucial for enhancing early detection and preventive action.

The full open-access paper is available here:
European Psychiatry, 2025 – Read the study